Advances in Mushroom Cultivation Technologies: Substrate Optimization, Controlled Environment and Strategies for Yield Enhancement

Abstract

Mushroom farming serves sustainable farming practices because it produces healthy food while it transforms farm waste into useful organic matter. Research studies during the last few years have concentrated on developing better substrate materials and environmental control systems and yield optimization methods to address the current restrictions of conventional cultivation methods. The review evaluates modern mushroom cultivation methods through an analysis of substrate enhancement techniques and controlled growing systems and complete yield enhancement methods. The research team used Web of Science and Scopus and Google Scholar to find relevant peer-reviewed studies which appeared during the last five years. The research findings demonstrate that optimized ligno-cellulosic substrates made from agro-industrial waste products will produce better mycelial growth and biological efficiency when researchers use suitable pre-treatment methods and add necessary nutrients. The implementation of sensor-based monitoring systems and IoT-enabled automation and IoT systems enables farmers to maintain exact control over temperature and humidity and CO₂ levels and light exposure which leads to better crop stability and enhanced product quality and decreased chances of contamination. The most effective yield enhancement results from an integrated system which selects genetic strains and implements optimized agricultural practices and stress management and bio-stimulant treatment according to substrate composition and environmental conditions. The upcoming developments in artificial intelligence-based monitoring systems and sustainable substrate technologies and smart farming methods will enhance both production levels and resource utilization efficiency. The review shows how integrated cultivation systems support sustainable mushroom farming which protects food availability and promotes circular agricultural practices.